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淅川乌骨鸡全基因组转座子的鉴定与分析

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发表于 2021-10-16 12:00:04 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
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淅川乌骨鸡全基因组转座子的鉴定与分析
李东华,付亚伟,张晨曦,曹艳芳,李文婷,李转见,康相涛,孙桂荣

(河南农业大学牧医工程学院,郑州 450046)

摘要:【目的】通过分析淅川乌骨鸡全基因组重测序数据,获取淅川乌骨鸡转座子的基本信息和特征分布,探究转座子相关基因参与的通路。不仅对研究淅川乌骨鸡转座子的生物学功能具有重要的意义,而且为探索基因组扩增、基因组功能及进化研究提供重要基础数据。【方法】对淅川乌骨鸡血液DNA进行全基因组重测序,采用双末端短序列比对基因组,运用RepeatModeler、TEclass、RepeatMasker等使用流程对转座子进行鉴定、构建、校正、分类和注释,获得淅川乌骨鸡整个基因组所有的转座子,对转座子的特征、分布及和基因的关系等方面进行分析。并对转座子插入的所有基因进行GO和KEGG数据库富集,分别结合GO和KEGG注释结果对功能进行描述。【结果】经鉴定、分类和注释,淅川乌骨鸡共鉴定到370 252个转座子序列,分为19个超家族,主要为CR1、TcMar-Mariner、ERVL、ERV1等超家族,进一步说明淅川乌骨鸡转座子类型主要是逆转录转座子;转座子的数目和染色体长度有关,染色体越长,转座子数目越多。在基因组中转座子和基因的密度成反比,基因密集的区域中转座子密度较低;基因组内转座子的插入并非随机的,LTR/ERVL、LTR/ERV1、DNA/PIF-Harbinger、DNA/Hat-Charlie、RC/Helitron等转座子倾向于插入基因外部。GO富集分析表明,在生物过程条目中鉴定出的转座子富集相对较多的是细胞过程、单生物过程、代谢过程、生物调节、刺激反应等;分子功能条目中鉴定出的转座子富集相对较多的是结合、催化活性等;细胞组分条目中鉴定出的转座子富集相对较多的是细胞部分、细胞器、膜等。KEGG富集分析表明,鉴定出的转座子主要在甘油酯代谢、PPAR信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路、胰岛素抵抗、Jak-STAT信号通路等通路。着重关注了与淅川乌骨鸡特性相关的通路,如和色素沉积有关的酪氨酸代谢、和肉品质有关的脂代谢、脂肪酸的合成、PI3K-Akt信号通路等。【结论】转座子含量与基因组大小,具有一定的正相关性,而且淅川乌骨鸡转座子在基因组的分布存在一定偏好性。转座子相关基因在色素相关通路中富集,其可能与淅川乌骨鸡的种质特性有关,具体的调控机制还有待进一步研究。

关键词:鸡;全基因组重测序;转座子;特征分析

0 引言
【研究意义】转座子(简称TEs),又称易位子,跳跃基因,指存在于基因组上可以自主复制和位移的一段DNA片段[1],构成了高等生物基因组的大部分并且其在不同生物基因组中的含量有非常大的变化。利用全基因组重测序筛选淅川乌骨鸡有关的转座子,从而发现与淅川乌骨鸡种质特性有关的转座子。【前人研究进展】转座子主要分为Class I 型转座子和Class Ⅱ型转座子两大类[2]。Class I 型转座子,又称逆转录转座子。以RNA为介导进行转座,属于“DNA-RNA- DNA”型,每转座一次相应拷贝数增加,基因组增大;且本身带有调控元件,所以会对宿主基因的表达造成影响。主要包括长末端重复元件(LTRs),内源性反转录病毒(ERV),长散布元件(LINEs)和短散布元件(SINEs),后两者又被统称为非长末端重复元件(Non-LTRs)。Class Ⅱ型转座子,也称作DNA转座子。以DNA为介导进行转座,属“DNA-DNA”型,造成基因的突变或者重排,一般对基因组大小没有影响。此类转座子包括微型反向重复转座元件(MITEs)和滚筒式转座子(helitron)[3]。转座子在20世纪50年代被McClintock在玉米中首次发现[4],在很长一段时间,一直被当做是基因组中的一类无用的“垃圾序列”[5]。然而,近年来,随着越来越多物种全基因组测序的应用,关于染色体结构[6]、基因组大小[7]、基因组重排[8]、新基因生成[9]和基因表达调控[10]等受转座子影响的研究报道越来越多,在分子生物学研究中被广泛应用于基因治疗、转基因动物制备和物种进化等研究[11-13]。目前,转座子插入对畜禽的影响也已被广泛报道,Clark等[14]研究发现在狗silver基因SINE插入进而影响毛色表型。DALL'OLIO等[15]研究表明在赛马MSTN基因转座子的插入,影响马的赛跑距离。猪VRTN基因转座子的插入影响猪脊椎数发育[16]。【本研究切入点】淅川乌骨鸡是2011年列入的《中国畜禽遗传资源志-家禽志》中的一个新的遗传资源。具有“乌嘴、乌腿、乌皮、乌骨、乌肉、绿壳蛋”等特征;遗传性能稳定、觅食力强、适应性广、喜群居、耐寒性强、饲料消耗少、具有药用保健功能等优点。近年来,随着测序技术的发展,越来越多的生物基因组序列被测定,为从基因组水平进行转座子的鉴定、分类、注释等提供了便利,转座子几乎存在于所有生物体基因组中,并在真核生物基因组中占据重要组成部分,尤其是脊椎动物[17-19]。然而关于鸡转座子方面的研究还鲜有报道。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究利用淅川乌骨鸡全基因组重测序数据,从全基因组范围内进行转座子鉴定、分类和特征分析,为淅川乌骨鸡基因组功能和进化研究等提供重要基础数据。

1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
30周龄的淅川乌骨鸡母鸡5个个体来源于河南省淅川县,翅下静脉采血,采集约1 mL的血液置于3 mL抗凝管(EDTA)中,上下颠倒使抗凝剂和血液混匀后放入-20冰箱保存,备用。

1.2 血液DNA提取
采用氯仿-苯酚法提取鸡血液DNA,使用NanoDrop进行浓度检测。1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的质量和完整性(电压150V,电泳30 min)。

1.3 DNA文库构建和全基因组重测序
使用超声波将淅川乌骨鸡血液DNA序列片段化,然后进行纯化、末端修复、3′端加A、加接头后,磁珠吸附进行富集400 bp左右的随机片段,PCR扩增形成测序文库。文库质检合格后使用Illumina HiSeq 4000 进行双末端测序(每个个体30X)。

1.4 全基因组转座子的鉴定和注释
根据RepeatModeler(http://www.repeatmasker.org/ RepeatModeler/),TEclass(http://www.compgen.uni-muenster.de/teclas),RepeatMasker(http://www. repeatmasker.org/cgi-bin/WEBRepeatMasker)使用流程对产生的重复序列的一致性序列进行鉴定、构建、校正、分类和注释。

1.5 转座子家族区分
根据80-80-80规则对转座子进行家族划分[20]。两个元件的序列中的最短序列(>80 bp)满足编码区、两端的重复区域、或者全长的80%的序列有80%的相似度中的其中任意一个条件。

1.6 转座子与基因的关系
基于大于scaffold N50以上的所有scaffold对转座子的特征进行分析。对4 Mb窗口上转座子和基因的分布进行分析;且对转座子在基因内部、基因外部(上下2 kb)区域插入偏好性进行统计分析。

1.7 转座子相关基因GO功能注释及KEGG Pathway分析
为了进一步了解转座子的功能,我们对在基因上下2 kb区域以及基因内部有转座子插入的基因使用Blast 2 GO[21]进行Gene Ontology(GO)和KEGG Pathway功能注释。

2 结果
2.1 基因组中TEs的鉴定
经过过滤分析,我们在淅川乌骨鸡基因组当中鉴定到有370 252个转座子序列,基于80-80-80规则,分为19个超家族(表1),主要是CR1、TcMar-Mariner、ERVL、ERV1等超家族,进一步说明淅川乌骨鸡的转座子类型主要是逆转录转座子。

表1 基因组转座子统计分析

Table 1 Statistical analysis of genome TEs


2.2 淅川乌骨鸡转座子的全基因组注释
通过对淅川乌骨鸡全基因组注释分析,比对(Masked)的转座子序列总计占到了淅川乌骨鸡基因组已有测序序列的18.29%(表2)。逆转录转座子占总Masked序列的96.88%,其中LINE转座子所占比例最高,占逆转录转座子总Masked序列的6.43%。除此之外,L3/CR1也占到总Masked序列的6.38%。DNA转座子只占到总Masked序列的1.33%,其中以DNA所占Masked序列比最高(1.21%)。

2.3 转座子与基因关系的分析
转座子和基因的关系分析结果见表3和图1所示,1、2、3、4、Z号染色体分布的转座子较多(表3),说明转座子的多少和染色体的长度有关,染色体越长,转座子数目越多;而且转座子比例高,基因的比例则低,反之亦然(图1)。说明转座子和基因的分布呈现强烈的负相关性。个别转座子在个别区间分布较高的现象说明了转座子在基因组上的分布区间是有一定的偏好性。

表2 淅川乌骨鸡全基因组转座子注释信息

Table 2 Annotation of TEs superfamilies in whole-genome resequencing assembly


表3 转座子在染色体上的分布

Table 3 Distribution of transposons on chromosomes


width=357.7,height=264.15
A:1号染色体;B:2号染色体;C:4号染色体;D:Z染色体。绿色线:转座子数量;蓝色线:基因数量

A: Chromosome 1;B:Chromosome 2; C: Chromosome 4; D:Chromosome Z. Green line: TEs number; Blue line: Genes number

图1 转座子与基因分布

Fig. 1 Distribution of TEs and genes

2.4 转座子插入基因组位置偏好性
因为转座子的覆盖度和基因密度有负相关关系,我们以超家族分类的转座子为对象,进而分析转座子插入在基因组上的位置与基因在基因组上的位置之间的关联性。通过对转座子插入基因上下游和基因内部的偏好性进行分析发现,LTR/ERVL、LTR/ERV1等转座子倾向于插入基因外部(图2-A);DNA转座子分析发现,DNA/TcMar-Mariner、DNA/PIF-Harbinger、DNA/Hat- Charlie、RC/Helitron等转座子在基因外部和基因内部都有相对较高的插入,但是更倾向于插入基因外部(图2-B)

2.5 转座子相关基因GO功能注释及分析
为了解这些转座子相关基因功能,我们对10 845个基因进行GO功能注释。有7 231个基因注释在64个GO条目。对富集转座子数量较多的前24个GO条目以柱状图方式展示见图3,由图可知,生物过程条目中富集的转座子相关基因最多(51.8%),富集相对较多条目的是单生物过程,代谢过程,生物调节,生物过程的调控,刺激反应等;在细胞组分条目下富集的转座子相关基因占33%,富集相对较多的是细胞部分,细胞器,膜等;在分子功能中富集的转座子相关基因占15.2%,富集相对较多的是结合,催化活性等。

2.6 转座子相关基因功能Pathway分析
进一步对10 845个与转座子相关基因进行KEGG富集分析,共有2 535个相关基因注释在338个KEGG通路中。富集较多的前20个通路见表4,由表可知,主要集中在甘油酯代谢,PPAR信号通路,PI3K-Akt信号通路,胰岛素抵抗,Jak-STAT信号通路等通路。其中着重关注了和淅川乌骨鸡特性相关的通路,如和色素沉积相关的酪氨酸代谢、和肉品质相关的脂代谢、脂肪酸的合成、PI3K-Akt信号通路等(图4),这些通路下的转座子具生物学功能还需进一步研究。

3 讨论
对淅川乌骨鸡全基因组水平转座子的特征及转座子相关基因生物信息学分析等方面进行了研究。结果表明,在淅川乌骨鸡基因组中有大量的转座子存在,且在基因组上的分布不是随机的,具有区域偏好性的,与前人研究一致[22-23]。有些转座子倾向于插入在基因内部,有些转座子在基因外部。本研究使得我们对淅川乌骨鸡中转座子的特性有了更进一步的了解。

width=477.45,height=231.85
图2 转座子插入基因组分布偏好性

Fig. 2 Preferential distribution of TEs in genes in genome

width=341.75,height=242.6
图3 转座子相关基因的GO富集分析

Fig. 3 GO categories enrichment analysis of genes related to TEs

3.1 转座子所占基因组比例
近年来,大规模基因组测序技术为转座子的研究提供了新的契机,通过生物信息学分析发现,在很多的物种中都有转座子的存在,所占基因组的比例等出现不同的分布趋势,如占拟南芥基因组的14%[24],玉米基因组的84.2%[25],桑树基因组的37.87%[26],人类基因组的44%[27],小鼠基因组的40%[28],斑马鱼基因组的54.96%[29],占淅川乌骨鸡基因组的18.29%;虽然各个物种的转座子含量不同,然而其转座子含量与基因组大小密不可分,具有一定的正相关关系。通常认为基因组大小与DNA含量增加和删减丢失共同作用有关,其中转座子拷贝的增多是导致基因组增大的一个重要因素[30-31]。

表4 转座子相关基因富集较多的20个代谢通路

Table 4 Top 20 metabolic pathways involving genes related to TEs


width=462.45,height=226
图4 转座子相关基因的Pathway富集分析

Fig. 4 Pathway enrichment analysis of TEs related genes

3.2 转座子和基因的关系
虽然转座子占淅川乌骨鸡基因组的18.29%,但是这些转座子在基因组上的分布却并非是随机的,呈现相反趋势,基因分布集中的位置,转座子的分布会减少,在拟南芥和人等其他一些测序物种的转座子的比较中也是相同的发现[32-34],这种现象可能是基因组自身的一种保护方法,避免转座子的插入导致功能基因的失活。通过对转座子和基因之间的相对位置进行分析,以确定是否某些转座子在基因组上存在一定的偏好性,进而影响某个基因的功能。研究发现,一些超家族的转座子在基因组上位置分布确实存在一定偏好性。可能和淅川乌骨鸡的进化历程有密切关系,某些转座子的激活受不同的环境、遗传等因素的影响,大量扩增,从而导致进一步富集到基因组的某些区域。

3.3 Pathway富集分析
通过进一步对转座子相关基因功能注释,这些转座子相关基因参与了多个生物学过程,物种的表型、生产性能等受转座子的调节。已有研究表明,通过分子重构分别获得的Sleeping Beauty、Frog Prince和Hsmar1复活的活性Tc1/Mariner转座子,在鱼类、青蛙、鼠等动物中被广泛研究[35-39];Takeuchi等[40]和Asakawa等[41]利用Tol2转座子介导Gal4-UAS系统,影响斑马鱼神经元和行为相关基因功能。LINE-1转座子通过影响基因的表达或调控,进而导致基因疾病[42-43]。在家禽中,ev-21转座子的插入导致了慢羽表型的突变[44-45],ev-10或者ev-19不仅能够降低白来航鸡8%—9%的产蛋率,还能降低蛋重和蛋比重[46]。SLCO1B3基因的5′非编码区有转座子的反向插入,从而启动了SLCO1B3基因在卵壳腺中的特异性表达,形成绿壳蛋[47]。在研究中,SLCO1B3基因也存在转座子的插入。转座子相关基因在酪氨酸代谢通路中富集,其可能与淅川乌骨鸡“乌嘴、乌腿、乌皮、乌骨、乌肉”等典型的种质特性有关,具体的调控机制还有待进一步研究。

4 结论
通过对淅川乌骨鸡全基因组重测序数据的转座子分析,基于80-80-80规则,转座子分为19个超家族,在各条染色体的位置分布研究发现,它们在染色体上的分布不均匀,与基因的密度成反比,在基因密集的区域中转座子密度较低,转座子在基因组内的插入非随机的。GO富集分析表明,转座子相关基因主要在细胞过程、单生物过程、结合、催化活细胞部分、细胞器、膜等条目下富集较多。KEGG富集分析表明,鉴定出的转座子相关基因主要在甘油酯代谢、PPAR信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路、胰岛素抵抗、Jak-STAT信号通路等通路。

随着高通量测序技术的不断提高,使得更好的分析转座子成为可能,进而为揭示转座子的转座机制提供重要的依据,同时也将为研究基因功能,探索物种内部的进化提供一种全新的思路。

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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Transposable Elements in Xichuan Black-Bone Chicken

LI DongHua, FU YaWei, ZHANG ChenXi, CAO YanFang, LI WenTing, LI ZhuanJian, KANG XiangTao, SUN GuiRong

(College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046)

Abstract:【Objective】The aim of the study was to analyze the whole genome re-sequencing data of Xichuan black-bone chicken to obtain the identification, classification, distribution of the transposon of Xichuan black-bone chicken, and to explore the pathways involved in transposon-related genes, which not only had important significance for studying the biological function of the Xichuan black-bone chicken transposon elements (TEs), but also provided important basic data for exploring genome amplification, genome function and evolution research. 【Method】In this study, whole genome resequencing of blood DNA of Xichuan black-bone chicken was performed, and the paired-end mapping methods alignment genome was used. The TEs was identified, constructed, corrected and classified by RepeaterModeler, TEclass, RepeatMasker and other processes. All TEs in the whole genome of Xichuan black-bone chicken were obtained to analyze the characteristics, distribution and relationship of their genes. All genes inserted in the TEs were subjected to GO and KEGG databases enrichment, and the functions were described in combination with GO and KEGG annotation results, respectively. 【Result】 After identification, classification and annotation, 370 252 TEs sequences were identified in Xichuan black-bone chicken, which were divided into 19 superfamilies, mainly CR1, TcMar-Mariner, ERVL, ERV1 and other superfamilies, further indicated that the TEs types of Xichuan black-bone chicken were major TEs. The number of TEs was related to chromosome length, and longer the chromosome was, the more the number of TEs was. Number of TEs was inversely proportional to the density of gene. TEs density was relatively low in gene dense regions. The insertion of TEs in genome was not random, LTR/ERVL, LTR/ERV1, DNA/PIF-Harbinger, DNA/Hat-Charlie, RC/Helitron tend to be inserted outside the gene. GO enrichment analysis indicated some of these genes related to TEs were enriched in the following biological process terms: cell process, single-organism process, metabolic process, biological regulation, response to stimulus. In addition, some of these genes related to TEs were enriched in the following molecular function terms: binding and catalytic activity. Furthermore, some of these genes related to TEs were enriched in the following cell component terms: cell parts, organelles, and membranes. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that these genes related to TEs mainly focused on Glycerolipid metabolism, PPAR signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Insulin resistance, and Jak-STAT signaling pathway. This study mainly focused on the pathways related to the characteristics of Xichuan black-bone chicken, such as tyrosine metabolism related to pigmentation, lipid metabolism related to meat quality, fatty acid synthesis, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. 【Conclusion】There was a positive correlation between TEs content and genome size of Xichuan black-bone chicken. Moreover, the TEs of Xichuan black-bone chicken had a certain preference in the distribution of genome. TEs related genes were enriched in the pigmentation related pathway, which might be related to the germplasm characteristics of Xichuan black-bone chicken. The specific regulatory mechanisms remained to be further studied.

Key words: chicken; whole genome resequencing; transposon elements; characterization analysis

开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):width=42.5,height=42.5

doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.07.017

收稿日期:2019-01-22;

接受日期:2020-01-13

基金项目:国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-40-K04)、教育部创新团队(IRT16R23)、河南省科技重大专项(151100110800)

联系方式:李东华,Tel:15516976656;E-mail:lidonghua6656@126.com。通信作者康相涛,E-mail:xtkang2001@263.net。通信作者孙桂荣,E-mail:grsun2000@126.com

(责任编辑 林鉴非)

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